Naked Milli and Barclays Bank

Whilst looking up the introduction date of the first PAL devices on Wikipedia (Monolithic Memories MMI in 1978) I fell down one of those internet rabbit-holes, which led to the discovery of the Naked Milli 16-bit TTL computer.

The Wikipedia entry on Programmable Logic mentioned an engineer called John Birkner, who managed the PAL project at MMI, but before that he had designed a 16-bit TTL minicomputer for Computer Automation Inc. of Irvine, California.

A bit more googling and I found the videos and transcript of his Oral History, recorded at the Computer History Museum - some 4 years ago.

Apparently, his 16-bit TTL computer used only 80 standard logic devices - which immediately whetted my appetite - because that is about the chip count I am working towards for my Suite-16 design.

The people at Computer Automation were doing a line of minicomputers that were intended for incorporation into OEM products, and as such were stripped down to a bare chassis with no outer casing or front panel.

The marketing team at CAI decided to call this range - the naked mini, and for whatever reasons, in the mid 1970s that seemed to appeal to their customers.

John Birkner was given the task to reduce the size of the machine from 3 15"x17" boards to a half-size board just 15" x 7". This he did by basing his cpu around a 74181 4-bit alu, bitslice design and microcoded using MMI PROMs to hold the microcode.

The resulting machine was marketed as the Naked Milli - and one key customer was Barclays Bank, who were just starting to introduce a new generation of ATMs. The small size of the machine suited the ATM application, allowing a fully featured cash dispensing terminal, and presumably a bigger cash dispensing box!

Birkner realised by 1976, that the days of TTL cpus was rapidly coming to an end, and decided that he should join a “chip company”.

Thus began a relationship with MMI which led to him being hired to manage their PAL project.

Here’s the link to the Naked Milli marketing brochure:

The photograph in the marketing brochure shows the cpu board - and you can clearly count the IC packages - approximately 80, especially the larger 74181s that make up the bitslice ALU.

Notable is the chip layout, 4 parallel rows of ICs on each half of the board that emphasises the bitslice design.

As well as the CPU there was also a similar sized I/O card, which handled a wide range of peripherals including disks, tapes, CRT terminals and Teletypes.

By today’s standards not a particularly fast machine with an instruction cycle time of 6uS plus depending on the addressing mode.

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An interesting find! By the miracle of copy and paste, from the brochure you linked:

We do seem to have missed out on the millicomputer. I wonder if the Raspberry Pi might be regarded as a nanocomputer. Or maybe it’s too big…

I’m pretty sure I’d heard of Computer Automation Inc altough I can’t think of anything specific. Worth reading about them though:

https://www.computerhistory.org/brochures/a-c/computer-automation-inc/

image

Ed - I was the chip count of 80 that caught my attention. It’s good to see that my TTL aspirations appear to be on the right track

The 74xx181 ALU is virtually unavailable these days, but Dieter Muller has a neat design using 4 multiplexers and an 4-bit adder which makes a good substitute in 5 packages. This design is what forms half of the ALU used in the Gigatron TTL Computer, and is the likely candidate for my Suite-16.

Dieter’s design description starts here:

http://www.6502.org/users/dieter/a1/a1_4.htm

Fast PROMs for microcode are not really a viable option these days, but the 64K x 16-bit 27C1024 with a 45nS access time is cheap and widely available. It allows a clock frequency of about 20MHz to be the practical upper limit for such a machine.

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I guess I must have got all the 74xx181’s out there, all 8 of them. I suppose it just depends what country you live in.
Most of my work is done with a old DE1 fpga development kit
so for now I just emulate the old logic, so I have hardware and software(bios) mostly tested when I get real builds.
I need a good PAL/Eprom programmer ($150?) as the cheap one I have just does not work.VSPEED vs4000. CMOS 22v10’s are nice chips as they are low power. Using 2901’s I have 5 chips in the data path: input reg 2 mulx’s alu and output reg. 22V10’s bring that to 3 chips.
Ben.

This blog has some more, I think unique (restoration) photos and info and photos of another computers from Computer Automation including a Naked Mini system. Alpha/LSI. Also a PDC-808 and some peripherics.

https://www.alphalsi.com/
There was also an Alpha 8, I think looking exactly like the 16.

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The 16-bit Naked Mini has a starring role in the famous Bell Labs Technical Memorandum “Experience with the Mergenthaler Linotron 202 Phototypesetter, or, How We Spent Our Summer Vacation” (PDF, 14 pages). The Linotron 202 was based on the Naked Mini, and Joe Condon, Kernighan & Thompson’s memo deals with their learnings and (mis)use of the device. It’s an amusing read, especially if you’ve ever had an output device do exactly the wrong thing.

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Obligatory recommendation in this context, Prof. Brailsford on The Great 202 Jailbreak:

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Thanks for the link!

The Achilles heel (or foot in the door, depending on one’s taste in metaphor) of the 202 turned out to be its archaic paper tape orientation. All programs are supplied on paper tape. One of them makes a directory listing of a floppy disk, printing it on the typesetter itself. Since this program has to print something regardless of what it finds on the disk, it follows that it must contain an actual character set; this observation was made by all of us concurrently on the day the machine was installed. Accordingly, KLT set about writing a disassembler for the 202 CPU. (Fortunately we had thought to obtain manuals for this well in advance.)

The disassembler was working within a few hours, and by late that evening, we had found the character definitions. An entire night of staring at them (in hexadecimal) produced only limited insight, but within 48 hours, we could print characters whose form was simple enough. The alphabet on the paper tape was upper case Helvetica, RATHER LIKE THIS. This was fortunate, for the simplicity of Helvetica gave us a toehold: letters like I and L are good places to start decoding.

More characters were needed for scrutiny and checking hypotheses, however. By studying the manual for the CPU and the disassembled listing program KLT was able to write a program that would copy a floppy disk into the PDP-11 where it could be examined more easily. It took only an evening to figure out the “file system” on the floppies, and thus to extract all of the character definitions into UNIX files.

There followed about four weeks of intense and generally frustrating introspection on bit patterns, trying to infer how they could possibly represent the characters that they did.